Op Amp Applications Handbook

Op Amp Applications Handbook

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Book description

Operational amplifiers play a vital role in modern electronics design. The latest op amps have powerful new features, making them more suitable for use in many products requiring weak signal amplification, such as medical devices, communications technology, optical networks, and sensor interfacing. The Op Amp Applications Handbook may well be the ultimate op amp reference book available. This book is brimming with up-to-date application circuits, valuable design tips, and in-depth coverage of the latest techniques to simplify op amp circuit designs, and improve their performance. As an added bonus, a selection on the history of op amp development provides an extensive and expertly researched overview, of interest to anyone involved in this important area of electronics.

* Seven major sections packed with technical information* Anything an engineer will want to know about designing with op amps can be found in this book* Op Amp Applications Handbook is a practical reference for a challenging engineering field.

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Table of contents

  1. Cover image
  2. Title page
  3. Table of Contents
  4. Copyright
  5. Foreword
  6. Preface
  7. Acknowledgments
  8. Op Amp History Highlights
  9. Chapter 1: Op Amp Basics
    1. Chapter 1: Introduction to Op Amp Basics
    2. SECTION 1-1: Introduction
      1. Ideal Op Amp Attributes
      2. Standard Op Amp Feedback Hookups
      3. The Nonideal Op Amp—Static Errors Due to Finite Amplifier Gain
      4. Op Amp Common-Mode Dynamic Range(s)
      5. Functionality Differences of Dual-Supply and Single-Supply Devices
      6. Device Selection Drivers
      1. Current Feedback Amplifier Basics
      2. Current Feedback Using Vacuum Tubes
      1. Single-Supply Op Amp Issues
      2. Op Amp Input Stages
      3. Output Stages
      4. Op Amp Process Technologies
      1. Input Offset Voltage, VOS
      2. Input Bias Current, IB
      3. Input Impedance
      4. Manipulating Op Amp Noise Gain and Signal Gain
      5. Open-Loop Gain And Open-Loop Gain Nonlinearity
      6. Op Amp Frequency Response
      7. Operational Amplifier Noise
      8. Op Amp Distortion
      9. Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR), Power Supply Rejection Ratio (PSRR)
      1. Precision Op Amp Amplifier DC Error Budget Analysis
      2. Chopper Stabilized Amplifiers
      3. Noise Considerations for Chopper-Stabilized Op Amps
      1. Introduction
      2. Voltage Feedback (VFB) Op Amps
      3. VFB Op Amps Designed on Complementary Bipolar Processes
      4. A New VFB Op Amp Architecture for “Current-on-Demand” Performance, Lower Power, and Improved Slew Rate
      5. Current Feedback (CFB) Op Amps
      6. Effects of Feedback Capacitance in Op Amps
      7. High Speed Current-to-Voltage Converters, and the Effects of Inverting Input Capacitance
      8. Noise Comparisons between VFB and CFB Op Amps
      9. DC Characteristics of High Speed Op Amps
      1. Introduction to Specialty Amplifiers
      2. SECTION 2-1: Instrumentation Amplifiers
        1. Op Amp/In Amp Functionality Differences
        2. In Amp Definitions
        3. Subtractor or Difference Amplifiers
        4. In Amp Configurations
        5. In Amp DC Error Sources
        6. In Amp Noise Sources
        7. In Amp Bridge Amplifier Error Budget Analysis
        8. In Amp Performance Tables
        9. In Amp Input Overvoltage Protection
        10. In Amp Applications
        1. PGA Design Issues
        2. PGA Applications
        1. Analog Isolation Techniques
        2. AD210 Three-Port Isolator
        3. Motor Control Isolation Amplifier
        4. Optional Noise Reduction Post Filter
        5. AD215 Two-Port Isolator
        6. Digital Isolation Techniques
        1. SECTION 3-1: Introduction
          1. Trends in Data Converters
          1. ADC and DAC Static Transfer Functions and DC Errors
          2. Quantization Noise in Data Converters
          3. ADC Input-Referred Noise
          4. Calculating Op Amp Output Noise and Comparing it with ADC Input-Referred Noise
          5. Quantifying and Measuring Converter Dynamic Performance
          6. Signal-to-Noise-and-Distortion Ratio (SINAD), Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), and Effective Number of Bits (ENOB)
          7. Analog Bandwidth
          8. Harmonic Distortion, Worst Harmonic, Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), Total Harmonic Distortion Plus Noise (THD + N)
          9. Spurious Free Dynamic Range (SFDR)
          10. Two-Tone Intermodulation Distortion (IMD)
          1. Introduction
          2. Op Amp Specifications Key to ADC Applications
          3. Driving High Resolution Sigma-Delta Measurement ADCs
          4. Op Amp Considerations for Multiplexed Data Acquisition Applications
          5. Driving Single-Supply Data Acquisition ADCs with Scaled Inputs
          6. Driving ADCs with Buffered Inputs
          7. Driving Buffered Differential Input ADCs
          8. Driving CMOS ADCs with Switched Capacitor Inputs
          9. Single-Ended ADC Drive Circuits
          10. Op Amp Gain Setting and Level Shifting in DC-Coupled Applications
          11. Drivers for Differential Input ADCs
          12. Driving ADCs with Differential Amplifiers
          13. Overvoltage Considerations
          1. General Considerations
          2. Differential to Single-Ended Conversion Techniques
          3. Single-Ended Current-to-Voltage Conversion
          4. Differential Current-to-Differential Voltage Conversion
          5. An Active Low-Pass Filter for Audio DAC
          1. SECTION 4-1: Introduction
          2. SECTION 4-2: Bridge Circuits
            1. An Introduction to Bridges
            2. Amplifying and Linearizing Bridge Outputs
            3. Driving Remote Bridges
            4. System Offset Minimization
            1. Strain Gages
            2. Bridge Signal Conditioning Circuits
            1. Photodiode Preamplifier Design
            2. Preamplifier Offset Voltage and Drift Analysis
            3. Thermoelectric Voltages as Sources of Input Offset Voltage
            4. Preamplifier AC Design, Bandwidth, and Stability
            5. Photodiode Preamplifier Noise Analysis
            6. Input Voltage Noise
            7. Photodiode Circuit Trade-off
            8. Compensation of a High Speed Photodiode I/V Converter
            9. Op Amp Selection for Wideband Photodiode I/V Converters
            10. High Speed Photodiode Preamp Design
            11. High Speed Photodiode Preamp Noise Analysis
            12. High Impedance Charge Output Sensors
            13. Low Noise Charge Amplifier Circuit Configurations
            14. 40dB Gain Piezoelectric Transducer Amplifier Operates on Reduced Supply Voltages for Lower Bias Current
            15. Hydrophones
            16. Op Amp Performance: JFET versus Bipolar
            17. A pH Probe Buffer Amplifier
            1. Thermocouple Principles and Cold-Junction Compensation
            2. Single-Chip Thermocouple Signal Conditioners
            3. Resistance Temperature Detectors
            4. Thermistors
            5. Semiconductor Temperature Sensors
            1. SECTION 5-1: Introduction
            2. SECTION 5-2: The Transfer Function
              1. The S-Plane
              2. Fo and Q
              3. Phase Response
              4. The Effect of Nonlinear Phase
              1. Impulse Response
              2. Step Response
              1. Butterworth
              2. Chebyshev
              3. Bessel
              4. Linear Phase with Equiripple Error
              5. Transitional Filters
              6. Comparison of All-Pole Responses
              7. Elliptical
              8. Maximally Flat Delay With Chebyshev Stop band
              9. Inverse Chebyshev
              10. Using the Prototype Response Curves
              1. Low Pass to High Pass
              2. Low Pass to Band Pass
              3. Low Pass to Bandreject (Notch)
              4. Low Pass to All Pass
              1. Single-Pole RC
              2. Passive LC Section
              3. Integrator
              4. General Impedance Converter
              5. Active Inductor
              6. Frequency-Dependent Negative Resistor (FDNR)
              7. Sallen-Key
              8. Multiple Feedback
              9. State Variable
              10. Biquadratic (Biquad)
              11. Dual Amplifier Band Pass (DAPB)
              12. Twin-T Notch
              13. Bainter Notch
              14. Boctor Notch
              15. “1 - Band Pass” Notch
              16. First Order All-Pass
              17. Second Order All-Pass
              1. Passive Components (Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors)
              2. Limitations of Active Elements (Op Amps) in Filters
              1. Antialias Filter
              2. Transformations
              3. CD Reconstruction Filter
              4. Digitally Programmable State Variable Filter
              5. 60 Hz Notch Filter
              1. SECTION 6-1: Audio Amplifiers
                1. Audio Preamplifiers
                2. Microphone Preamplifiers
                3. RIAA Phono Preamplifiers
                4. Audio Line Level Stages
                5. Audio Buffers and Line Drivers
                6. Single-Ended Line Drivers
                7. Differential Line Drivers
                8. Transformer-Coupled Line Drivers
                1. Buffer Amplifiers
                2. Driving Capacitive Loads
                1. Video Signals and Specifications
                2. Differential Gain And Phase Specifications
                3. Video Formats in Graphics Display Systems
                4. Bandwidth Considerations in Video Applications
                5. Video Signal Transmission
                6. Transmission Line Driver Lab
                7. Video Line Drivers
                8. Video Distribution Amplifier
                9. Differential Line Drivers/Receivers
                10. Approaches To Video Differential Driving/Receiving
                11. Inverter-Follower Differential Driver
                12. Cross-Coupled Differential Driver
                13. Fully Integrated Differential Drivers
                14. A 4-Resistor Differential Line Receiver
                15. Active Feedback Differential Line Receiver
                16. A Cable-Tap or Loopthrough Amplifier
                17. High Speed Clamping Amplifiers
                18. Flash Converter with Clamp Amp Input Protection
                19. High Speed Video Multiplexing with Op Amps Utilizing Disable Function
                20. Programmable Gain Amplifier using the AD813 Current Feedback Video Op Amp
                21. Integrated Video Multiplexers and Crosspoint Switches
                22. Single Supply Video Applications
                1. Communications-Specific Specifications
                2. Distortion Specifications
                3. Noise Specifications
                4. Variable Gain Amplifiers (VGAs) in Automatic Gain Control (AGC)
                5. Voltage Controlled Amplifiers (VCAs)
                6. Digitally Controlled Variable Gain Amplifiers for CATV Upstream Data Line Drivers
                7. xDSL Upstream Data Line Drivers
                1. High Efficiency Line Driver
                2. A Simple Wide Bandwidth Noise Generator
                3. Single-Supply Half- and Full-Wave Rectifier
                4. Paralleled Amplifiers Drive Loads Quietly
                5. Power-Down Sequencing Circuit for Multiple Supply Applications
                6. Programmable Pulse Generator Using the AD8037 Clamping Amplifier
                7. Full-Wave Rectifier Using the AD8037 Clamping Amplifier
                8. AD8037 Clamping Amplifier Amplitude Modulator
                9. Sync Inserter Using the AD8037 Clamping Amplifier
                10. AD8037 Clamped Amplifier As Piecewise Linear Amplifier
                11. Using the AD830 Active Feedback Amplifier as an Integrator
                12. Instrumentation Amplifier with 290MHz Gain-Bandwidth
                13. Programmable Gain Amplifier with Arbitrary Attenuation Step Size
                14. A Wideband In Amp
                15. Negative Resistance Buffer
                16. Cross-Coupled In Amps Provide Increased CMR
                1. Multiple Op Amp Composite Amplifiers
                2. Voltage-Boosted Output Composite Amplifiers
                3. Gain-Boosted Input Composite Amplifiers
                4. “Nostalgia” Vacuum Tube Input/Output Composite Op Amp
                1. SECTION 7-1: Introduction to Hardware and Housekeeping Techniques
                2. SECTION 7-2: Passive Components
                  1. Introduction
                  2. Capacitors
                  3. Resistors and Potentiometers
                  4. Inductance
                  5. Don’t Overlook Anything
                  1. Resistance of Conductors
                  2. Voltage Drop in Signal Leads—“Kelvin” Feedback
                  3. Signal Return Currents
                  4. Stray Capacitance
                  1. Linear IC Regulation
                  2. Some Linear Voltage Regulator Basics
                  3. Pass Devices
                  4. ±15 V Regulator Using Adjustable Voltage ICs
                  5. Low Dropout Regulator Architectures
                  6. Charge-Pump Voltage Converters
                  7. Unregulated Inverter and Doubler Charge Pumps
                  8. Regulated Output Charge-Pump Voltage Converters
                  9. Linear Post Regulator for Switching Supplies
                  10. Power Supply Noise Reduction and Filtering
                  11. Capacitors
                  12. Ferrites
                  1. In-Circuit Overvoltage Protection
                  2. Clamping Diode Leakage
                  3. A Flexible Voltage Follower Protection Circuit
                  4. CM Over-Voltage Protection Using CMOS Channel Protectors
                  5. Inverting Mode Op Amp Protection Schemes
                  6. Amplifier Output Voltage Phase-Reversal
                  7. Fixes For Output Phase—Reversal
                  8. Protecting In Amps Against Overvoltage
                  9. Out-of-Circuit Overvoltage Protection
                  10. ESD Models and Testing
                  1. Thermal Basics
                  2. Heat Sinking
                  1. EMI/RFI Mechanisms
                  2. EMI Noise Sources
                  3. EMI Coupling Paths
                  4. Noise Induced by Near-Field Interference
                  5. Passive Components: Arsenal Against EMI
                  6. A Review of Shielding Concepts
                  7. Input-Stage RFI Rectification Sensitivity
                  8. Background: Op amp and In Amp RFI Rectification Sensitivity Tests
                  9. An Analytical Approach: BJT RFI Rectification
                  10. Reducing RFI Rectification within Op Amp and In Amp Circuits
                  11. Op Amp Inputs
                  12. In Amp Inputs
                  13. Amplifier Outputs and EMI/RFI
                  14. Printed Circuit Board Design for EMI/RFI Protection
                  15. Carefully Choose Logic Devices
                  16. Design PCBs Thoughtfully
                  17. Designing Controlled Impedances Traces on PCBs
                  18. Microstrip PCB transmission lines
                  19. Some Microstrip Rules of Thumb
                  20. Symmetric Stripline PCB Transmission Lines
                  21. Some Pros and Cons of Embedding Traces
                  22. Transmission Line Termination Rule of Thumb
                  1. Analog Circuit Simulation
                  2. Macromodel versus Micromodel
                  3. The ADSpice Op Amp Macromodels
                  4. Input and Gain/Pole Stages
                  5. Frequency-Shaping Stages
                  6. Macromodel Output Stages
                  7. Model Transient Response
                  8. The Noise Model
                  9. Current Feedback Amplifier Models
                  10. Simulation Must Not Replace Breadboarding
                  11. Simulation is a Tool to be Used “Wisely”
                  12. Know the Models
                  13. Understand PCB Parasitics
                  14. Simulation Speeds the Design Cycle
                  15. SPICE Support
                  16. Model Support
                  17. Acknowledgments:
                  18. Breadboard and Prototyping Techniques
                  19. Deadbug Prototyping
                  20. Solder-Mount Prototyping
                  21. Milled PCB Prototyping
                  22. Beware of Sockets
                  23. Some Additional Prototyping Points
                  24. Evaluation Boards
                  25. General-Purpose Op Amp Evaluation Boards
                  26. Dedicated Op Amp Evaluation Boards
                  27. Summary
                  1. Introduction to Op Amp History
                    1. A Definition for the Fledgling Op Amp
                    1. Setting the Stage for the Op Amp
                    2. Black’s Feedback Amplifier
                    1. Development of Differential Amplifier Techniques
                    2. Op Amp and Analog Computing Developments
                    3. Naming the Op Amp
                    4. Evolution of the Vacuum Tube Op Amp
                    1. Birth of the Transistor
                    2. Birth of the IC
                    3. The Planar Process
                    4. Solid-State Modular and Hybrid Op Amp Designs
                    1. Birth of the Monolithic IC Op Amp
                    2. SuperBeta IC Op Amps—LM108 to OP97
                    3. Precision Bipolar IC Op Amps—μA725 to the OP07 Families
                    4. Precision JFET IC Op Amps—AD503 to the AD820/AD822/AD824 and AD823 Families
                    5. The AD515 and AD545 Hybrid IC Electrometer Amplifiers
                    6. Monolithic IC Electrometer Amplifiers
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                    Product information

                    • Title: Op Amp Applications Handbook
                    • Author(s): Walt Jung
                    • Release date: December 2004
                    • Publisher(s): Newnes
                    • ISBN: 9780080491998